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Equations for the lower and upper limits of temperature by Ron Kurtus - Succeed in Understanding Physics. Also refer to physical science, motion, thermometer, heat transfer, kinetic energy, absolute zero, quantum mechanics, speed of light, electromagnetic waves, gravity, Theory of Relativity, Einstein, School for Champions. Copyright © Restrictions
Equations for Temperature Limits
by Ron Kurtus (revised 28 October 2009)
The lower and upper temperature limits can be approached but not physically reached. There is a relationship between kinetic energy, speed of the particles and temperature. Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature. The limit for the highest temperature is when the particles reach the speed of light.
Questions you may have include:
- What is relationship between kinetic energy, speed and temperature?
- What happens when a material is heated?
- What is the upper temperature limit?
This lesson will answer those questions. There is a mini-quiz near the end of the lesson.
Useful tools: Metric-English Conversion | Scientific Calculator.
Relationships
There are equations that determine the relationship between kinetic energy of an ideal gas, temperature and velocity of the atoms or molecules in the gas.
Note: An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of randomly-moving point particles that interact only through elastic collisions. It is useful in determining simple equations, as opposed to the highly complex ones of the real world.
Kinetic energy and temperature
The relationship between the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms in an ideal gas and temperature is:
KE = 2kT/3
where
- KE = the kinetic energy of particles in an ideal gas in joules (J)
- k = Boltzmann's constant (a number that relates energy and temperature)
k = 1.38*10−23 joule/kelvin - T = temperature in degrees kelvin (K)
Kinetic energy-temperature relationship equations for real-world gases, liquids and solids are too complex to work with at this level of study.
Kinetic energy and velocity
The kinetic energy of a moving mass of particles is:
KE = ½mv²
where
- KE = kinetic energy in joules or kg-m²/s²
- m = mass in kilograms (kg)
- v = velocity in meters/second (m/s)
- v² = velocity squared or v*v in m²/s²
- ½mv² is ½ times m times v²
Temperature and velocity
You can find the relationship between the temperature and the velocity of the particles in an ideal gas.
Since KE = 2kT/3 and KE = ½mv², you can substitute for KE to get 2kT/3 = ½mv². Then, you can multiply by 3 and divide by 2k to get:
T = 3mv²/4k
where
- T is measured in degrees kelvin (K)
- m is the mass of in kilograms
- v is in meters/second
- k is in joule/kelvin or kg-m²/s²-kelvin
Absolute zero
It can easily be seen from T = 3mv²/4k that when T = 0 kelvin, the velocity of the particles v = 0. Thus the kinetic energy due to linear movement is zero. But the atoms still possess spin, which means they still have some energy.
Another fact is that the equation is really an approximation, since we are dealing with an ideal gas. A real-world gas would not be able to reach T = 0.
Temperature and the speed of light limit
The greatest temperature possible is limited by how fast its atoms can travel. The upper limit that anything can travel is at the speed of light.
Although kinetic energy is KE = ½mv², the limiting energy is defined by Einstein's Theory of Relativity equation
E = mc²
where;
- m = the resting mass
- c² = the speed of light (c) squared
Thus, in theory, the highest possible temperature is defined by:
T = 3mc²/2k
You can calculate that temperature by substituting the appropriate values. This equation may not fit into the Theory of Relativity, since the mass of a particle increases dramatically as the particle approaches the speed of light. But, at the very least, it is an interesting exercise.
Summary
The lower and upper temperature limits can be approached but not physically reached. The relationship between kinetic energy, speed of the particles and temperature determines that value of absolute zero and the limit for the highest possible temperature.
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Resources and references
The following resources provide information on this subject:
Websites
Kinetic Temperature - HyperPhysics
Books
Top-rated
books on Temperature
Top-rated
books on Absolute Zero
Mini-quiz to check your understanding
If you got all three correct, you are on your way to becoming a Champion in Physics. If you had problems, you had better look over the material again.
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Equations for Temperature Limits