Explanation of Alternating Current (AC) home wiring - Succeed in Physical Science. Also refer to physics, electricity, volts, current, wire, copper, aluminum, circuit breaker, fuse, fire hazard, electrical shocks, Ron Kurtus, School for Champions. Copyright © Restrictions
Alternating Current (AC) Home Wiring
by Ron Kurtus (revised 22 August 2004)
Homes in North America typically are powered with both 220-volt and 110-volt alternating current (AC) electricity. Modern outlets have three different shaped holes to assure plugs can only be inserted in one way. Two of the holes are considered grounds, for reasons of safety. Proper grounding and the use of fuses are important to maintain electrical safety in the home.
Questions you may have include:
- What is the configuration of home wiring?
- What do the holes in the wall outlets represent?
- What safety features are necessary?
This lesson will answer those questions. There is a mini-quiz near the end of the lesson.
Useful tools: Metric-English Conversion | Scientific Calculator.
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Time = 6 min. 23 sec.
Home wiring
Typically, homes in North America receive 220 volts of AC electricity. Certain high-power devices, such as an electric stove, use the full 220 volts. The rest of the outlets in the house use 110 volts.
Wires into home
Usually, three copper wires come into the home. Two are covered in black insulation and one has white insulation. Sometimes one wire is red instead of black. Each black or red wire is called a "hot" wire and has 110-volt AC. The white wire is called the "common" and is grounded at the power station. Measuring across the two hot wires results in 220 volts. Measuring the voltage between a black (or red) and white wire, results in 110-volt AC.
Wiring configuration
Copper wire
Copper wire is used because it is a good conductor of electricity. Materials that do not conduct electricity as good usually have a higher resistance. This results in wasted energy and the tendency to get hot, which could be a safety hazard.
In the 1960s many electrical contractors started to use aluminum wire instead of copper. Aluminum is almost as good of a conductor as copper, but it is much less expensive. After a number of years, it was found that this type of wiring caused a potential fire hazard. Problems due to expansion caused overheating at connections between the wire and switches, outlets, or splices. Many homes had to be re-wired, although there still are many that still have aluminum wiring but have never had problems.
Wall outlets
The wall outlets usually have a one wide slot, one narrow slot and one round-with-flat-bottom hole. This is to assure that each part of the plug will be used as it is supposed to and to increase safety. Older outlets have both slots the same size and no round hole.
Typical wall outlet
Outlet slots
The narrow slot is considered "hot" and is where the alternating current power comes out. The wiring behind the outlet to this slot is usually black in the U.S. The wide slot is considered the "common" and is supposed to be grounded. Using the white wire as a common grounded wire, means that everyone is working from the same zero voltage position.
Round hole
The hole that is round on the top and flat on the bottom is an extra ground. Usually the wire behind the wall outlet has green insulation. Sometimes it is a bare wire. This extra ground is to make sure your utensils are properly grounded in the situation that someone had improperly wired the house. It is an extra safety measure.
Common wire
Although the white wire is not supposed to be a "hot" wire, in some cases it is used that way, especially in older homes that have the old style outlets. In general, this is acceptable, but it can result in problems. If you touch a common wire that is properly grounded, you should not get a shock. But if that wiring has made it hot, you can get a shock. Also, by using the white wire where the black should be used, you may cause a short circuit.
Safety
Proper grounding and the use of fuses are important for protection against shock, as well as to prevent electrical overheating and fire hazards
Grounding
Correct grounding is very important. Often ground wires are connected to water pipes that normally go into the ground. Connecting to a hot water pipe means that the water heater is between the connection and the ground. The water heater may have plastic parts that would insulate the connection to ground. Thus, using a hot water pipe is not a good idea.
Another consideration in using water pipes to ground the circuit is that plastic piping is often being used in plumbing. You must make sure there are no plastic pipes between your connection and the outside earth or ground.
Fuses
Fuses and circuit breakers are used as a safety measure in case of short circuits. A fuse or circuit breaker will break the connection if more current is passing through the wire than is considered safe. This will prevent the house wiring to overheat and start a fire.
Most homes now use circuit breakers instead of fuses. One reason is because people with bad wiring in their homes that constantly blow out fuses, would then force pennies in the fuse receptacles, thus bypassing the requirement for a fuse. This removed the aggravation, as well as the expense of buying new fuses, but it also often resulted in serious electrical fires in the house.
Summary
Most homes use both 220- and 110-volt AC electricity. Wires have black, red, white or green insulation, depending on their use. The holes in modern outlets assure plugs can only be inserted in one way. Proper grounding and the use of fuses are important to maintain electrical safety in the home.
Be curious about things you may take for granted
Resources
Following are some resources on this subject:
Web sites
Elements of AC Electricity - Basic electronics tutorial site
DC and AC Electricity Resources
Books
Top-rated
books on AC Home Wiring
Basic Electricity by Bureau of Naval Personnel; Dover Pubns; (1970) $14.95 - Provides thorough coverage of the basic theory of electricity and its applications
Mini-quiz to check your understanding
1. If it is not considered "hot", why should you be careful touching the white wire?
2. What could happen if you used a hot water pipe as a ground?
3. What is the purpose of a circuit breaker?
If you got all three correct, you are on your way to becoming a Champion in Physical Science. If you had problems, you had better look over the material again.
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