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Electric Power
by Ron Kurtus (updated 30 May 2023)
The electric power used in operate an electric device is defined as the potential energy or voltage times the current passing through the device. This is true for both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) devices and could also apply to a whole electric system, such as the the power used in running your household appliances.
Electric power can be compared to the mechanical definition of power as the work done over a period of time. The electric company uses the power used over a period of time to calculate the energy used and thus your electric bill.
Questions you may have include:
- How do you determine electric power?
- How is it compared with mechanical power?
- How is your electric bill calculated?
This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
Determining electric power
The electric power required to operate a device is the input voltage times the current required.
P = VI
where
- P = electric power
- V = voltage used
- I = current in amperes
- VI is V times I
Electric power is measured in watts. If the amount of watts is large, kilowatts are used. 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts, just as 1 kilometer = 1000 meters. The abbreviation for kilowatt is usually kW.
Current
If you look at the top of a light bulb, you will see its power rating. One example is a 100 watt light bulb. Thus P = 100W. You can use the equation P = VI for electric power to determine the amount of current passing through that light bulb.
If your house voltage is V = 110 volts, then you can see that 100W = 110V * I. Thus I = 100 / 110 = 0.91 amps.
Resistance
You can also find the resistance of the light bulb, using Ohm's Law: V = IR.
V = 110V
I = 0.91A
V = IR = 110V = 0.91A * R
Thus R = 110 / 0.91 = 120.9 ohms.
Comparing with mechanical power
The standard or mechanical definition of power is the work per unit time. (See Work for more on that subject.) In other words, power equals work divided by time.
P = W / T
where P = power in watts, W = the work done in joules and T = the time of measurement. Since energy is often defined as the ability to do work, let's substitute energy E for work and rearrange the equation:
E = PT
Thus, the electric energy used is the electric power times the time. If we measure the electric power as kilowatts and the time as hours, we get the energy used by an electric system in terms of kilowatt-hours. That is the unit of measurement the electric company uses when determining your bill.
Calculating your electric bill
Knowing about electric power can help you in understanding how your electric bill is calculated. The electric company sends you a bill determined by the amount of work the electricity has done or amount of energy expended in kilowatt-hours. Most homes have an electric meter outside that measures the amount of electric energy used by the house over a period of time.
Many electric companies charges about $0.07 per kilowatt-hour. Thus, you multiply the number of kilowatts of electricity you use times the amount of time you use it and multiply that by $0.07 to get your electric bill.
For example, if you used a 1500-watt hair dryer for 100 hours in a month at a cost of $0.07 per kilowatt-hour, the electric company would bill you for:
1500 watt * 100 hours = 150,000 watt-hours = 150 kilowatt-hours.
Thus your bill would amount to:
150 kilowatt-hours * $0.07 / kW-hr = $10.50.
Summary
Electric power is voltage times current. Your electric bill is based on the electric power times the time used, in kilowatt-hours. Knowing how much power you used and the electric rate charged, you can determine your electric bill.
Power can be electrifying
Resources and references
Websites
DC and AC Electricity Resources
Books
(Notice: The School for Champions may earn commissions from book purchases)
Top-rated books on Electric Power Generation
Basic Electricity by Bureau of Naval Personnel; Dover Pubns; (1970) $14.95 - Provides thorough coverage of the basic theory of electricity and its applications
Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics by Stan Gibilisco; McGraw-Hill; (2001) $34.95 - Guide for professionals, hobbyists and technicians desiring to learn AC and DC circuits
Students and researchers
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electric_power.htm
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